Drugs have a very limited role in treating anxiety disorder. ANXIETY DISORDERS can be treated by using Anti depressant drugs either a triglycic (amitriptyline 50 – 150mg at night) or MAOI (phenelzine 15 mg 6-hourly . This should be used under strict supervision of Doctor. Other methods of treatment are
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The different types of Anxiety are Phobic, Panic, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Performance based Anxiety Disorder.
PHOBIA – The different types of phobia are
Azorophobia - In which there is fear of open spaces and meeting places.
Social Phobia - Fear of social gatherings, eating in public, etc.
Animal Phobia Specific Animal phobia In which there is fear of mice, cats, spiders, snakes ,etc.
Miscellaneous Specific phobia in which there is fear of heights, thunder, flying, etc. (more…)
If you are fearful or if you are developing fearfulness, apprehensive, anticipates of bad and dangerous events, then you may be a victim of Anxiety Disorder. The Symptoms of Anxiety Disorder is divided into psychological and somatic. Psychological Symptoms include Apprehension, fears of Disaster, Irritability, and Depersonalization. Somatic Symptoms are Tremor, Sweating, Palpitations, Chest Pain, Breathlessness, Head Aches, Dizziness, frequent Diarrhea, poor Concentration etc. SO WHO ARE AT RISK OF ANXIETY DISORDER? (more…)
Brain Tumor Types
Brain tumors are of two kinds.
1. Benign tumors are of slow growing ones, which can be removed or destroyed if present in an accessible location in brain.
2. Malignant tumors (Brain cancer) spread rapidly and destroy normal brain tissue.
Some benign brain tumors may also change over time to become malignant brain tumors. Benign brain tumors can also become as dangerous as malignant brain tumors if they are located in an inaccessible region of brain, such as brain stem. Conversely some malignant brain tumors can be cured.
Brain tumors are usually diagnosed with the help of a CT (Computerized topography) scan or CAT scan and in detail with the help of a MRI scan. Sometimes an open biopsy is conducted by removing a piece of skull to get access to brain. Biopsy is the most accurate method of diagnosing a brain tumor.
Brain Tumor Radiation Treatment
Brain tumors are usually treated through surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In general radiation and chemotherapy are used only when the brain tumor cannot be removed by surgery. It is best to have multidisciplinary team consisting of neurosurgeon, neurologist, radiation oncologist, while treating brain tumors.
A lot depends on the patients, attitude of patients matter a lot in the case of brain tumors. Hope is the powerful coping strategy that helps patients to deal with the pain of the moment by looking into the future.
Brain tumor location influences the type of symptoms that occur, since different functions are controlled by different parts of the brain. The most common Symptoms of Brain Tumors are headaches, nausea and vomiting. These symptoms can be seen mostly in the morning. They are often associated with other symptoms such as seizures or convulsions, difficulty in thinking, speaking, or finding words.
In certain instances, people with brain tumor also shows personality changes and weakness or paralysis in one side of the body, loss of balance, memory loss and vision changes.
Unfortunately the symptoms are often vague in children, especially in toddlers who are not able to describe them.
Also, many of the above mentioned Brain Tumor Symptoms can occur as part of other childhood ailments and are ignored by parents. However the crucial difference with brain tumors is that the symptoms persists and get worse over time.
Most of the people think Brain Tumor as a death sentence but it’s not like that, tumors are quite common but they are discussed only when well known people are detected with one.
One of the most prominent living member of the powerful Kennedy family and the longest serving United States senator was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Chances of survival of patients and the severity of the brain tumor depends on a host of factors including the area of brain involved and the forms of therapy. Brain is an extremely complex organ containing roughly 100 billion neurons, each neuron linked to as many as 10000 other neurons regulating all human activities.
Simply stated Brain Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in which some cells grow and multiply uncontrollably. As the brain tumor grows it interferes with normal brain activity.
The primary brain tumors originate in the brain itself. Secondary brain tumors originate as cancer in another part of the body and are carried to the brain through blood. Brain tumors are not to be taken lightly since they are leading cause of death from childhood cancers among persons upto 19 years of age.
Brain tumors are also the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in men aged between 20 and 39 and the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in women age group of 20 to 39.
a) The cartilage of 1st arch is called ” THE MECKELS CARTILAGE”. The INCUS and MALLEUS of the middle ear are derived from the dorsal end. The ventral part of the cartilage is surrounded by the developing mandible and is absorbed. The part of the cartilage extending from the region of the middle ear to the mandible disappears but its sheath forms the anterior ligament of malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament.
b) The cartilage of 2nd arch forms the following:-
1) STAPES
2) STYLOID PROCESS
3) STYLOHOID LIGAMENT from sheath
4) SMALLER (lesser) CORNUA OF HYOID
5) SUPERIOR PART OF THE BODY OF HYOID.
c) The following structures are derived from the cartilage of the 3rd arch:-
1) GREATER CORNUA OF HYOID BONE
2) LOWER PART OF THE BODY OF HYOID BONE
d) The cartilages of larynx are derived from 4th and 6th arches with a possible contribution from 5th arch but there exact derivation is controversial.
The endodermal pouches take part in the formation of several important organs:-
1) FIRST POUCH:-
Its ventral part is obliterated by the formation of the tongue.
Its dorsal part receives a contribution from the dorsal part of second pouch and these together form a diverticulum that grows towards the region of developing ear. This diverticulum is called tubotympanic recess.
The proximal part of this recess gives rise to the auditory tube, the distal part of middle ear cavity including the tympanic antrum.
2) SECOND POUCH:-
a) The epithelium of the ventral part of the pouch contrivbutes to the formation of tonsil.
b) The dorsal part takes part in the formation of TUBOTYMPANIC RECESS.
3) THIRD POUCH:-
This gives rise to inferior parathyroid glands and thymus gland.
4) FOURTH POUCH:-
This gives origin to superior parathyroid gland and may contribute for the development of thyroid gland.
5) FIFTH or ULTIMO BRANCHIAL POUCH:-
A fifth pouch is seen for brief period during development. In some species it gives rise to ultimobranchial body. Its fate in man is controversial. It is generally believed to be incorporated into fourth pouch the together forming the caudal pharyngeal complex.
The superior parathyroid gland arises from this complex, the complex probably also gives origin to the parafollicular cells of thyroid.
After the formation of pharyngheal arches the region of the neck is marked on outside by series of grooves or ectodermal clefts.
1) The dorsal part of 1st cleft develops into epithelial lining of the external auditory meatus.
2) The pinna is formed from a series of swellings, which arise on the 1st and 2nd arches, where they adjoin the 1st cleft. The ventral part of this cleft is obliterated. (more…)
These are mesodermal bars of arches which develop in the region of the pharynx. Since in lower animals they form the respiratory organs they are called as BRONCHIAL or GILL ARCHES. Initially there are six pair of arches, later the 5th pair disappears.
Each arch has an outer ectodermal covering, inner endodermal and in the middle mesoderm. Each arch has its own nerve called the post-trematic nerve and a branch from next arch called pretrematic nerve and its own artery.
